Different treatments of osteoporosis can increase or prevent breast cancer in women The WritePass Journal

Different treatments of osteoporosis can increase or prevent breast cancer in women Different treatments of osteoporosis can increase or prevent breast cancer in women IntroductionTreatments   Activation of RANK-ligand leads to breast cancer ReferencesRelated Introduction Osteoporosis is a progressive disease where bone catabolism increases faster than its formation decreasing the density of bones which results in a great bone weakness. Osteoporosis is associated with a great level of calcium loss making the bones very porous and fragile.   Osteoporosis is a disease that affects 1 in 3 women and 1 in 12 men and can cause death in a severely fractured hip. Osteoporosis treatments targets bone cells to prevent bone weakening. Additionally, it also significantly reduces menopausal symptoms but increase the risk of breast cancer development. However, other treatments and specific inhibition factors can prevent or delay the formation of breast cancer in women. Bones hold 99% of the body’s calcium which is involved in the daily turnover of the bones. Two essential cells are involved in the daily turnover of the bones. Osteoblasts, cells responsible for the bone formation taking place by producing a matrix of collagen which becomes mineralised. Osteoclasts cells functions in the breakdown and resorption of the bone tissue. Skeletal homeostasis is maintained through a balance between the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The leading cause for osteoporosis is the lack of certain hormones and particularly oestrogen in women. This is because bone loss takes place as a result of oestrogen deficiency. In post-menopausal women an excessive resorption takes place causing bone weakness (osteopenia) and over time osteoporosis.6 During menopause osteoblasts fail to function properly and bone weakening rapidly occurs due to oestrogen levels significantly dropping. Therefore, the risk of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women increases due to a decline in oestrogen levels. Oestrogen regulates the activity of osteoclasts cells which results in slowing the dissolving of the bones. Treatments Hormones are the most crucial modulators of bone formation as it has a direct effect on the bones by interacting with receptors. Treatments such as hormone replacements therapy (HRT) are widely used to entirely restore the rate of post-menopausal loss.1 HRT protects against thinning of the bones by increasing the availability of oestrogen levels in the body.   It has a direct effect on cells by interacting with receptors at the surface of the cell. Its effect is mediated through a receptor called oestrogen receptor ÃŽ ±. The hormone binds to the receptor and is transported to the nucleus where receptor hormone acts as a switch to turn on the gene. However, many severe side effects are associated with this type of treatments such as breast cancer. Other treatments such as selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM) also target oestrogen receptors in the body. SERM’s act as agonist or antagonist depending on different tissues in the body, it blocks oestrogen functioning in various parts of the body in order to increase the availability of the hormone in receptors located inside the bones for increased bone formation. Raloxifene is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator that has oestrogenic actions on the bone and anti-oestrogenic actions on other tissues such as the breast and the uterus. However, both treatments HRT and SERM are highly effective in alleviating menopausal symptoms. 4   Activation of RANK-ligand leads to breast cancer Receptor activator nuclear factor (RANK) is a protein that is involved in the activation of bone formation and regulation of osteoclastic bone resorption. It acts primarily as a signal pathway to increase bone removal. Bone resorption is dependent on a cytokine known as RANK-L. RANK binds to its receptor RANK-L when expressed by the osteoclasts to activate and stimulate the osteoclastic formation which leads to bone resorption. HRT triggers the RANK-L protein in breast cells which allows it to multiply causing a tumour. Studies and researches have shown that the activation of RANK is responsible for causing cancer in patients with osteoporosis.3 Therefore, blocking the RANK pathway with a drug can prevent breast cancer and also stop normal bone destruction. Studies showed that women taking HRT had a higher rate of developing breast cancer. After 5 years of follow up, women taking these hormones had a 20% increase in breast cancer risk compared with placebo group. Therefore, the longer HRT medication is taken for, the greater the risk of breast cancer. In the fourth year and thereafter, breast cancer rates were higher in the oestrogen group with a significant trend of increasing breast cancer over time. Raloxifene shows a reduced incidence of breast cancer by 27% compared to HRT. A statistically significant reduction in the incidence of breast cancer is shown among women taking raloxifene compared with the placebo group.5 According to the graph above raloxifene appeared to be most effective in reducing the incidence of breast cancer compared to HRT. HRT aims to reduce the level of bones affected by increasing oestrogen in the body. However, it is one of the leading causes for breast cancer in women. Raloxifene is an alternative treatment used for patients with osteoporosis to reduce the level of bone dissolving and preventing severe side effects such as breast cancer. A separate study has shown that women who have abandoned HRT treatment had reduced breast cancer rates by 6%.2A study contradicting, based on several years of clinical trials shows that HRT is not the direct cause for breast cancer as women are at an elevated risk of developing breast cancer with age. Lifestyle also plays a great role in breast cancer development, the study reported that standard way of living such as smoking, fish intake, working on a night shift and birth weight increases the relative risk of breast cancer development and not synthetic hormones alone.1 Therefore if women were to abandon HRT drugs, normal daily life routine should also be consider ed in order to reduce the risk of breast cancer. References Bluming A Z. (2009). Hormone Replacement Therapy: Real Concerns and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   False Alarms. The Cancer Journal. 15 (2), 93-104.   Callaway E. (2010). Bone-disease drug could treat breast cancer. Nature.10 (3). Castellano D et al. (2011).The Role of RANK-Ligand Inhibition in Cancer: The Story of Denosumab. The Oncologist. 16 (2), 135-146. H Michael. (2007). Differential effects of selective oestrogen receptor. British Journal of Pharmacology. 151 (8), 384-395. Natl J. (2008). Reduced Incidence of Invasive Breast Cancer With Raloxifene Among Women. Cancer Inst. 100 (12), 854-861. Sambrook P. (2006). Osteoporosis. The Lancet. 367 (3), 2010-2018. Watanabe K et al. (2010).Osteocytes in Normal Physiology and Osteoporosis. Springer. 2 (8), 224–232.

Orcein Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Orcein - Assignment Example The project recommended that, when performing Orcein staining technique, it is important to use Orcein from different suppliers, which can reduce errors in the detection process by comparing the different results obtained by each company’s dye (Krishna, 2013). It is also important to stain at least a sample of five or more slides before deeming the results as negative. Orcein staining technique is thus, a simple and excellent method for detecting HBsAg, resulting in a positive Hepatitis B result and can give reproducible results in a routine environment. In addition, the project explains how Hepatitis B infects the hepatocytes of the liver. The Hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) occurs as granules, which are fine in texture and can be diffusely spread out on the entire cytoplasm or concentrated in the peripheral regions of the cytoplasm or the sinusoidal space (Ray, 2012). The appearance of these granules is referred to as ground glass. HBsAg appears as round, oval or as irregularly shaped aggregates in a single cell involvement. (Kirkpatrick, 1982). Even though the examination is necessary when diagnosing Hepatitis B, a number of staining techniques exist that assist in detecting Hepatitis B in the liver (Krishna, 2013). Some techniques such as a simple H & E stain or other immunohistochemical markers are used. Orcein stain makes it possible to observe the morphological identification of

A Marketing Plan for the Cadbury Chocolate Company Case Study

A Marketing Plan for the Cadbury Chocolate Company - Case Study Example under this, the management ensures that, before the product is promoted into the market, the characteristics of the products should be well defined to meet the needs of the consumers, the packaging of the products should be attractive to entice the customers to buy the product, the quality of the product should be perfect, that is it should have the quality that matches with the prescription of the product in the market so that it can maintain our consumers. Under this, we see that Cadbury uses its business intelligence to change the market position of its products by shifting product sizes, package designs keeping in mind the changes of its customer's tastes for this reason most of the Cadburys products, are made from real chocolate in which the ingredients include; cocoa butter and a glass and a half of cream dairy milk in every 200 grams of Cadbury dairy milk chocolate. This is used to show the good quality of Cadburys products which makes it a good factor in influencing the consu mers to buy the products. Marketing is also known to be a core leader into a successful business therefore; one should have more than a good idea of producing a nice product. So before launching a product in the market, one should be able to identify his markets and carry out research, to find out if consumers share the same desire to invest in the production. Here, Cadbury uses wholesalers and retailers to collect information about its consumers behaviors that is possible to affect its manufacturing and distribution goals, the company gets information from the warehouse, through which they make decisions to deliver the precise quantity of brand new products to retailers when in need. Cadbury uses data warehouse to calculate the impact of its trade expenditure activities. Therefore, the research methods should depend on the size and scope of the business. This may be done by examining ones own behavior, with that of the other companies, spend time in stores that promote cooking products and do some reading o n magazines, books and literature focusing on various chocolate products manufacturing. One should be encouraged to talk and listen to the potential consumers, thus enabling one to know the issues that will be faced and the encounters he will face while carrying out the business. One is also advised to hire researchers who will help him define and understand the market, if the product he intends to start is larger. The other factor that one should look into before making a decision on a particular market segmentation or what is referred to as the environments, these factors include; geographical factors, location, gender and also age of the consumers of the products, this is basically used to give the products a marketing opportunity. 2 The competitors will not be able to have the same opinions like the company's, since marketing opportunities increase when customer groups with varying needs and wants are recognized. Markets can be segmented or targeted on a variety of factors including age, gender, location, geographic factors, demographic characteristics, and family life cycle, desire for relaxation or time pressures. Segments or target markets should be accessible to the business and large enough to provide a solid customer base. Therefore, a business must analyze the needs and wants of different market

The Role of Testing of Employees as it Relates to the Selection Research Paper

The Role of Testing of Employees as it Relates to the Selection Process - Research Paper Example   According to Garrett, use of personality testing in the hiring process helps an employer select the best employees that fit his or her organization. Generally, Garret maintains that if personality testing is performed effectively, it can very well enable an employer to select the suitable workers that best suit the given type of work (Garrett, 2006). Additionally, pre-employment testing plays a very important role in selection as it helps reduce chances of an employer hiring a potentially dangerous person, a poor performer, and/or a criminally inclined worker. While statistics cite that, the traditional methods of hiring such as reference checks and interviews are still vital, they are largely subjective. However, with the standardized personality testing, benefits are recurrent as this process adds an objective instrument that when utilized to the maximum, it can help do away with or minimize cases of bias in the process of hiring (Gerald, 1993). Personality tests are variable. As such, they are able to give a great variety of results believed to be inaccurate when other modes of employee selection are used. Personality testing plays a major role in determining the respective form and content of a principal employee. In pre-employment testing, an employer gets a fundamental opportunity to test employee skills, integrity, handwriting, intelligence quotients, and other crucial characteristics (Garrett, 2006). These are essential to an employer as they help eliminate undesirable candidates. Furthermore, with personality testing, an employer is able to administer tests that assist in telling an employee is lying by measuring the employee’s honesty, which leads to the predisposition of negative or unruly behaviors such as theft. Indeed, personality testing in employee selection is very vital since it can also help in measuring comparative performance between and among candidates who appear equally considerable and good on paper. Sometimes back, many comp anies used to ignore the role played by psychological factors in an organization. As a result, research findings noted that compensation losses increased by a huge margin due to unreimbursed worker’s costs (Gerald, 1993). This showed that no matter how hard employers stressed on safe work practices, accidents still occurred in the workplace. Nevertheless, with the introduction of personality testing in employee selection, ergonomic analysis point out that risk managers are finding this strategy very effective in ensuring the safe working environment for all employees. As of today, it is turning out that, a huge body of evidence is demonstrating that pre-employment testing or psychological screening is an efficient tool that enables companies to select the best-suited employees for particular jobs. Based on that fact, it is however very important for risk managers to ensure that the administered tests meet the companies established the criterion for selecting the appropriate e mployees (Garrett, 2006). Personality testing helps determine the behavior traits of the job applicants. In general, some behavioral and personality traits of the applicants vary widely.  Ã‚  

A Child Called It By Dave Pelzer :: essays research papers

A Child Called It was about the struggles of a young boy named Dave Pelzer. Dave was put through hard times and at some point lost hope in his dreams and doubted the humanity of mankind, but in the end because of his strong will he was able to overcome his problems and make a better life for himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Dave was younger him and his brothers, Ronald and Stan were happy in a normal family with a loving mom and dad, but as years passed things started to change. Dave’s parents became alcoholics. His father never came home and his mother had lost her brightness and love of life, resorting to alcohol to get through the day. She became miserable to live with. Although she became mean to the kids she focused her anger on Dave. At first she would pit his brothers against him or make him do many chores, but soon her meanness turned to hatred towards Dave.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To her Dave was now just a slave and an â€Å"it† she referred to him as â€Å"the boy†. Although sometimes Dave’s father would try to help him or defend him in arguments he would always give in to Dave’s mother. At a young age Dave had to learn how to play games with his mother as a sort of survival tactic to stay alive in his household. Besides telling her child that she hated him and wished him dead Dave’s mother put him through tremendous physical pain and abuse. From a young child till the fifth grade Dave Pelzer had been made to sleep away from the family in the basement in a small army cot. He was starved for days and days on end. His mother longed for any time to severely beat him, it made her day, she would think of morbid things all day to do to him when he got home from school. Among many other things, Dave Pelzer was; stabbed, made to drink ammonia, bleach, and dishwashing detergent, made to sit in a bathroom for hours with many chemicals creating a small gas chamber, put in freezing cold water for hours with just his nose sticking out of the tub, burnt on an open fire on the stove, and made to eat his little brother’s dirty diaper. These were only some of the torturous things his mother could think of to do to her little boy.

Theory Essay

Bambara & Freire; An Analysis to Theory March 2013 The Lesson is written by Toni Cade Bambara and is a fictional narrative. The significance of this short story is deepened when we apply Paulo Freire’s story Pedagogy of the Oppressed because he talks about the different kinds of teaching methods that relate to the characters in The Lessons and the society that they live in. In Freire’s story he deliberates about the society we live in, which uses the banking method rather than the problem posing method of teaching.I believe that this is what Miss. Moore is trying to show her students in The Lesson by taking them to the ‘rich’ part of town when they go into the toyshop. In Freire’s story he gives two terms: the oppressor, which in my opinion is the white people in The Lesson and the oppressed which is Sylvia and her classmates. In The Lesson, you meet a young girl who goes by the name of Sylvia. Sylvia is brought up in a ‘slum’ area and i s resentful towards her teacher, Miss Moore.Sylvia feels that her teacher is better than everyone else in her community because she has a college degree, and doesn’t care to listen to anything Miss. Moore has to say. The story starts off by Miss Moore bringing the group of children to this toyshop, which is where I believe she is trying to expose them to this banking system concept, to show them what is wrong with their society. The banking system concept is when â€Å"the teacher talks about reality as if it were motionless, static, compartmentalized, and predictable.Or else he expounds on a topic completely alien to the existential experience of the students† (Freire 52). In other words the banking system where the teachers believe only they can be the ‘knowledgeable other’, the knowledgeable other is someone who has more experience and knows what they are doing which makes them the one who holds all the knowledge. They don’t believe the students can teach them anything new. Using this type of system will result in the student’s only being as good as what they’re taught.The problem posing method on the other hand is where the teachers and the students work together, that they can learn from each other and respect one another’s thoughts, ideas, questions and wonders. A great example of the banking method that Freire writes is â€Å"the more completely she fills out the receptacles, the better a teacher she is. The more meekly the receptacles permit themselves to be filled, the better students they are† (Freire 53).In The Lesson the white people are the oppressors and Sylvia and her classmates are the oppressed. Freire explains the oppressed â€Å"The oppressed receive the euphemistic title of â€Å"welfare recipients†. They are treated as individual cases, as marginal persons who deviate from general configuration of a â€Å"good, organized, and just† society† (Freire 55). This is saying how poor people are treated as separate people in society. The students in The Lesson did not know they were seen as this ‘separate’ part of society.According to Freire he doesn’t believe this is the case, he see’s everyone as equals â€Å"The oppressed are not â€Å"marginal†, are not people living â€Å"outside† society. They have always been â€Å"inside† (Freire 55). Once Sylvia and her classmates arrive at this toyshop they notice a toy sailboat that catches them off guard, but it’s not the sailboat, it is the price tag that is attached to it, Sylvia exclaims â€Å"Who are these people that spend that much for preforming clowns and $1000 for toy sailboats? What kinda work they do and how they live and how come we ain’t on it? (Bambara 425). I believe that by bringing the children to this new environment she was trying to open the children’s eyes to this ‘separate’ society. Miss Moore embodies the idea of problem posing. From Freire’s point of view, a teacher that poses these traits should â€Å"from the outset, her efforts must coincide with those of the students to engage in critical thinking and the quest for mutual humanization† (Freire 56). Miss. Moore does this when she asks a question to deepen Sugar’s thought about why adults would play with a kid’s toy.A great metaphoric description between the two methods that Freire uses, quoting Fromm is that the banking system causes people to be ‘necrophilia’ versus the problem posing method, which is causing people to be ‘biophilious’. â€Å"While life is characterized by growth in a structured, functional manner, the necrophilous person loves all that does not grow, all that is mechanical. The necrophilous person is drive by the desire to transform the organic into the Memory rather that experience, having, rather than being, is what counts.The necrophilious p erson can related to an object- a flower or a person- only if he loses the possession he loses contact with the world†¦ He loves control; in the act of controlling he kills life† (Fromm 58). I feel that this quote strengthens the issue that the children have around this expensive boat. In my point of view the children are more biophilious, this is backed up when it shows that they do not see the importance of an expensive boat when they could use that money to feed an entire family. They aren’t bound by materialistic items.During The Lesson you read about Sylvia getting mad at her friend Sugar for engaging in conversation with Miss Moore regarding the toy sailboat. This displays that Sylvia is unintentionally still bound by the banking system because if they were in the problem posing method this would be seen as harmful to one another’s learning. You notice that Miss Moore is trying to get the students to critically think for themselves in a problem-posing manner, but it is apparent that they are all in some matter constricted by this banking system method that they live in.The whole idea of the banking system with the roles of the oppressed and the oppressor is that it stops people from becoming fully human, as Freire says â€Å"no one can be authentically human while he prevents others from being so† (p. 66). References: Bambara, Toni Cade. â€Å"The Lesson. † 2nd. Lawn, Beverly. Boston: Bedford/St Martins, 2004. 419-427 print. Freire, Paulo. â€Å"Pedagogy of the Oppressed. † Rev edition. Trans. Myra Bergman Ramos. Continuum/New York, 1995. 52-67 print.

Introduction . I Am Observing A Kindergarten Prep Class

Introduction: I am observing a Kindergarten Prep class with children ages four to five. Originally there are thirteen children in the class with only one teacher. However the teacher the sends some of the children to another class to not break the teacher-child ratio. The program is actively looking to hire another teacher to help the current teacher. The teacher I am observing has a bachelor degree and has been teaching for six years.The observation method I used was the Narrative. Using the narrative method required me to record nearly everything that happened while I was there. The narrative method offers a lot of details, due to including the recording of all behaviors that occur. This also allows me to use the anecdotal form and†¦show more content†¦The teacher was very calm, but also very firm when speaking to the child. After the child talk the child listened to the teacher and went to one of the other centers. This example demonstrate the teacher’s characteristics by showin g how the teacher handles and deals with different situations that occur on a day to day basis. The teacher was preparing the children to go outside when one of the children asked â€Å" can you help zip up my jacket†. The teacher knew that the child was able to zip up his own jacket so she told him â€Å"you know how to do it on your own but if you need help I will then help you†. The child was then able to zip his jacket after a few tries. He then realized that one of his shoes was untied and aging asked the teacher to help him. The teacher reminded him that he is also able to do this own his own and that he has tied his own shoes before. The teacher then watched over the child and encouraged him as he was doing it on his own. This example helps demonstrate the teacher’s characteristics by showing the teacher constantly helping and encouraging the children to accomplish new things. 4. Teacher’s Communication Skills: The teacher is very firm when speaking to the children, which lets the children know what is expected from them. The children, parents, and the teacher seem to have a mutual respect for each other. Whenever the parents drop of their child, the teacher is very welcoming and